Psychotropic Medications: Pharmacological Properties Reference Table

Note: This comprehensive reference table presents the pharmacological properties of commonly prescribed psychotropic medications. The information is compiled from peer-reviewed sources and FDA-approved prescribing information. Always consult current prescribing information and clinical guidelines for the most up-to-date information.

Drug	Class	Active Metabolite	CYP Substrate	CYP Inducer	CYP Inhibitor	Target Type	UGT
Alprazolam	Benzodiazepine	None significant	3A4	None	None	LGIC (GABA_A)	None significant
Amitriptyline	TCA	Nortriptyline	1A2, 2C19, 2D6, 3A4	None	Weak 2D6	Transporter (SERT/NET)	1A3, 1A4
Amoxapine	TeCA	7-hydroxyamoxapine	2D6	None	None	Transporter (SERT/NET)	None significant
Aripiprazole	SGA	Dehydro-aripiprazole	2D6, 3A4	None	None	GPCR (D2/D3/5-HT1A partial agonist, 5-HT2A antagonist)	None significant
Asenapine	SGA	None significant	1A2, 2D6, 3A4	None	None	GPCR (D2/5-HT2A antagonist)	1A4
Brexpiprazole	SGA	DM-3411	2D6, 3A4	None	None	GPCR (D2/D3/5-HT1A partial agonist, 5-HT2A antagonist)	None significant
Bupropion	NDRI	Hydroxybupropion	2B6	None	Strong 2D6	Transporter (DAT/NET)	None significant
Buspirone	Azapirone	1-PP	3A4	None	None	GPCR (5-HT1A partial agonist)	None significant
Carbamazepine	Anticonvulsant	Carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide	1A2, 2C9, 3A4	Strong 1A2, 2C9, 2C19, 3A4	None	Voltage-Gated Ion Channel (Na+)	2B7
Cariprazine	SGA	Desmethylcariprazine, didesmethylcariprazine	3A4	None	None	GPCR (D3/D2 partial agonist)	None significant
Chlordiazepoxide	Benzodiazepine	Desmethylchlordiazepoxide, demoxepam	3A4	None	None	LGIC (GABA_A)	None significant
Chlorpromazine	FGA	7-hydroxychlorpromazine	1A2, 2D6	None	Weak 2D6	GPCR (D2 antagonist)	1A3, 1A4
Citalopram	SSRI	Desmethylcitalopram	2C19, 2D6, 3A4	None	Weak 2D6	Transporter (SERT)	None significant
Clomipramine	TCA	Desmethylclomipramine	1A2, 2C19, 2D6, 3A4	None	Weak 2D6	Transporter (SERT > NET)	None significant
Clonazepam	Benzodiazepine	7-aminoclonazepam	3A4	None	None	LGIC (GABA_A)	None significant
Clonidine	Antihypertensive	None	None significant	None	None	GPCR (α2 agonist)	None significant
Clorazepate	Benzodiazepine	Nordiazepam	3A4	None	None	LGIC (GABA_A)	None significant
Clozapine	SGA	N-desmethylclozapine	1A2, 2D6, 3A4	None	Weak 2D6	GPCR (D4/5-HT2A antagonist)	1A1, 1A3, 1A4
Desipramine	TCA	2-hydroxydesipramine	2D6	None	Weak 2D6	Transporter (NET > SERT)	None significant
Desvenlafaxine	SNRI	None	3A4 (minor)	None	None	Transporter (SERT/NET)	1A1, 2B15
Diazepam	Benzodiazepine	Nordiazepam, oxazepam, temazepam	2C19, 3A4	None	None	LGIC (GABA_A)	None significant
Doxepin	TCA	Nordoxepin	1A2, 2C19, 2D6, 3A4	None	None	Transporter (SERT/NET), GPCR (H1 antagonist)	None significant
Duloxetine	SNRI	None	1A2, 2D6	None	Moderate 2D6	Transporter (SERT/NET)	1A1
Escitalopram	SSRI	S-desmethylcitalopram	2C19, 2D6, 3A4	None	None	Transporter (SERT)	None significant
Estazolam	Benzodiazepine	None significant	3A4	None	None	LGIC (GABA_A)	None significant
Fluoxetine	SSRI	Norfluoxetine	2C9, 2C19, 2D6, 3A4	None	Strong 2D6, Moderate 2C19, 3A4	Transporter (SERT)	None significant
Flurazepam	Benzodiazepine	N-desalkylflurazepam	3A4	None	None	LGIC (GABA_A)	None significant
Fluvoxamine	SSRI	None	1A2, 2D6	None	Strong 1A2, 2C19; Moderate 2C9, 3A4	Transporter (SERT)	None significant
Gabapentin	Anticonvulsant	None	None	None	None	Voltage-Gated Ion Channel (Ca2+ α2δ)	None
Guanfacine	Antihypertensive	None	3A4	None	None	GPCR (α2 agonist)	None significant
Haloperidol	FGA	Reduced haloperidol	1A2, 2D6, 3A4	None	None	GPCR (D2 antagonist)	1A1, 1A4, 2B7
Hydroxyzine	Antihistamine	Cetirizine	None significant	None	None	GPCR (H1 antagonist)	None significant
Iloperidone	SGA	P88, P95	2D6, 3A4	None	None	GPCR (D2/5-HT2A antagonist)	None significant
Imipramine	TCA	Desipramine	1A2, 2C19, 2D6, 3A4	None	Weak 2D6	Transporter (SERT/NET)	1A3
Isocarboxazid	MAOI	None	None significant	None	MAO-A/B	Enzyme (MAO)	None significant
Lamotrigine	Anticonvulsant	None	None significant	None	None	Voltage-Gated Ion Channel (Na+)	1A4, 2B7
Levomilnacipran	SNRI	N-desethyl levomilnacipran	3A4	None	None	Transporter (NET > SERT)	None significant
Lithium Carbonate	Mood Stabilizer	None	None	None	None	Enzyme (GSK-3β inhibitor)	None
Lorazepam	Benzodiazepine	None	None significant	None	None	LGIC (GABA_A)	2B7, 2B15
Lurasidone	SGA	ID-14283, ID-14326	3A4	None	None	GPCR (D2/5-HT2A antagonist, 5-HT7 antagonist)	1A1, 1A3
Maprotiline	TeCA	Desmethylmaprotiline	2D6	None	None	Transporter (NET)	None significant
Midazolam	Benzodiazepine	1-hydroxymidazolam	3A4	None	None	LGIC (GABA_A)	1A4
Mirtazapine	TeCA	N-desmethylmirtazapine	1A2, 2D6, 3A4	None	None	GPCR (α2 antagonist, 5-HT2A/2C/3 antagonist)	None significant
Nadolol	Antihypertensive	None	None	None	None	GPCR (β1/β2 antagonist)	None
Nortriptyline	TCA	10-hydroxynortriptyline	2D6	None	Weak 2D6	Transporter (NET > SERT)	None significant
Olanzapine	SGA	N-desmethylolanzapine	1A2, 2D6	None	None	GPCR (D2/5-HT2A antagonist)	1A4, 2B10
Oxcarbazepine	Anticonvulsant	10-hydroxycarbazepine	3A4	Moderate 3A4	Weak 2C19	Voltage-Gated Ion Channel (Na+)	None significant
Paliperidone	SGA	None	None significant	None	None	GPCR (D2/5-HT2A antagonist)	None significant
Paroxetine	SSRI	None	2D6	None	Strong 2D6	Transporter (SERT)	None significant
Perphenazine	FGA	None significant	1A2, 2D6, 3A4	None	Weak 2D6	GPCR (D2 antagonist)	1A4, 2B7
Phenelzine	MAOI	None	None significant	None	MAO-A/B	Enzyme (MAO)	None significant
Prazosin	Antihypertensive	None	None significant	None	None	GPCR (α1 antagonist)	None significant
Pregabalin	Anticonvulsant	None	None	None	None	Voltage-Gated Ion Channel (Ca2+ α2δ)	None
Propranolol	Antihypertensive	4-hydroxypropranolol	1A2, 2C19, 2D6	None	None	GPCR (β1/β2 antagonist)	1A1, 1A3, 2B7
Protriptyline	TCA	None significant	2D6	None	None	Transporter (NET)	None significant
Quazepam	Benzodiazepine	2-oxoquazepam, N-desalkyl-2-oxoquazepam	3A4	None	None	LGIC (GABA_A)	None significant
Quetiapine	SGA	Norquetiapine	3A4	None	None	GPCR (D2/5-HT2A antagonist)	None significant
Risperidone	SGA	9-hydroxyrisperidone (paliperidone)	2D6, 3A4	None	None	GPCR (D2/5-HT2A antagonist)	None significant
Selegiline	MAOI	L-amphetamine, L-methamphetamine	2B6, 2C19	None	MAO-B (low dose), MAO-A/B (high dose)	Enzyme (MAO)	None significant
Sertraline	SSRI	N-desmethylsertraline	2B6, 2C19, 2D6, 3A4	None	Weak 2D6	Transporter (SERT)	2B7
Temazepam	Benzodiazepine	None	None significant	None	None	LGIC (GABA_A)	2B7, 2B15
Topiramate	Anticonvulsant	None	None significant	Weak 3A4	Weak 2C19	LGIC (GABA_A enhancer), Voltage-Gated Ion Channel (Na+/Ca2+)	None significant
Trazodone	SARI	m-chlorophenylpiperazine	3A4	None	None	GPCR (5-HT2A antagonist), Transporter (weak SERT)	None significant
Triazolam	Benzodiazepine	1-hydroxytriazolam, 4-hydroxytriazolam	3A4	None	None	LGIC (GABA_A)	None significant
Trimipramine	TCA	Desmethyltrimipramine	2C19, 2D6	None	None	Transporter (SERT/NET), GPCR (H1 antagonist)	None significant
Valproic Acid	Anticonvulsant	None	2C9, 2C19	None	Weak 2C9, 2C19	Enzyme (HDAC inhibitor), Voltage-Gated Ion Channel (Na+/Ca2+)	1A3, 1A6, 1A9, 2B7, 2B15
Venlafaxine	SNRI	O-desmethylvenlafaxine (desvenlafaxine)	2D6, 3A4	None	None	Transporter (SERT/NET)	None significant
Ziprasidone	SGA	None significant	3A4	None	None	GPCR (D2/5-HT2A antagonist, 5-HT1A partial agonist)	1A1

Abbreviations and Definitions

Drug Classes:

FGA: First-Generation Antipsychotic
LGIC: Ligand-Gated Ion Channel
MAOI: Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitor
NDRI: Norepinephrine-Dopamine Reuptake Inhibitor
SARI: Serotonin Antagonist and Reuptake Inhibitor
SGA: Second-Generation Antipsychotic
SNRI: Serotonin-Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitor
SSRI: Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor
TCA: Tricyclic Antidepressant
TeCA: Tetracyclic Antidepressant

Target Types:

G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR): Seven transmembrane receptors that signal through G proteins
Ligand-gated ion channel (LGIC): Ion channels that open in response to ligand binding
Transporter: Membrane proteins that reuptake neurotransmitters from synaptic cleft
Nuclear Receptor: Intracellular receptors that regulate gene transcription
Voltage-Gated Ion Channel: Ion channels that open in response to membrane potential changes
Enzyme: Proteins that catalyze biochemical reactions

CYP Enzymes:

CYP1A2, CYP2B6, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, CYP3A4: Major cytochrome P450 enzymes involved in drug metabolism

UGT Enzymes:

UGT1A1, UGT1A3, UGT1A4, UGT1A6, UGT1A9, UGT2B7, UGT2B10, UGT2B15: UDP-glucuronosyltransferases involved in phase II metabolism

Receptor/Transporter Abbreviations:

5-HT: Serotonin receptor
D: Dopamine receptor
GABA_A: Gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor
H: Histamine receptor
α: Alpha-adrenergic receptor
β: Beta-adrenergic receptor
DAT: Dopamine transporter
NET: Norepinephrine transporter
SERT: Serotonin transporter
GSK-3β: Glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta
HDAC: Histone deacetylase
MAO: Monoamine oxidase

Important Notes:

"None" indicates no clinically significant activity
"None significant" indicates minimal or clinically irrelevant activity
Substrate listing indicates primary CYP enzymes involved in metabolism
Inhibitor/Inducer strength: Strong > Moderate > Weak
Multiple targets are listed in order of clinical relevance

References

Flockhart, D. A. (2007). Drug interactions: Cytochrome P450 drug interaction table. Indiana University School of Medicine. https://drug-interactions.medicine.iu.edu

Food and Drug Administration. (2020). Drug development and drug interactions: Table of substrates, inhibitors and inducers. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-interactions-labeling/drug-development-and-drug-interactions-table-substrates-inhibitors-and-inducers

Haslemo, T., Eliasson, E., Jukić, M. M., Ingelman-Sundberg, M., & Molden, E. (2019). Significantly lower CYP2D6 metabolism measured as the O/N-desmethylvenlafaxine metabolic ratio in carriers of CYP2D6*41 versus CYP2D6*9 or CYP2D6*10: A study on therapeutic drug monitoring data from 1003 genotyped Scandinavian patients. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 85(1), 194-201.

Hemeryck, A., & Belpaire, F. M. (2002). Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and cytochrome P-450 mediated drug-drug interactions: An update. Current Drug Metabolism, 3(1), 13-37.

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Liston, H. L., Markowitz, J. S., & DeVane, C. L. (2001). Drug glucuronidation in clinical psychopharmacology. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 21(5), 500-515.

Lynch, T., & Price, A. (2007). The effect of cytochrome P450 metabolism on drug response, interactions, and adverse effects. American Family Physician, 76(3), 391-396.

Masiulis, S., Desai, R., Uchański, T., Martin, I. S., Laverty, D., Karia, D., Malinauskas, T., Zivanov, J., Pardon, E., Kotecha, A., Steyaert, J., Miller, K. W., & Aricescu, A. R. (2019). GABA_A receptor signalling mechanisms revealed by structural pharmacology. Nature, 565(7740), 454-459.

Preskorn, S. H., Greenblatt, D. J., Flockhart, D., Luo, Y., Perloff, E. S., Harmatz, J. S., Baker, B., Klick-Davis, A., Desta, Z., & Burt, T. (2007). Comparison of duloxetine, escitalopram, and sertraline effects on cytochrome P450 2D6 function in healthy volunteers. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 27(1), 28-34.

Rowland, A., Miners, J. O., & Mackenzie, P. I. (2013). The UDP-glucuronosyltransferases: Their role in drug metabolism and detoxification. International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, 45(6), 1121-1132.

Santos, R., Ursu, O., Gaulton, A., Bento, A. P., Donadi, R. S., Bologa, C. G., Karlsson, A., Al-Lazikani, B., Hersey, A., Oprea, T. I., & Overington, J. P. (2017). A comprehensive map of molecular drug targets. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, 16(1), 19-34.

Spina, E., & de Leon, J. (2007). Metabolic drug interactions with newer antipsychotics: A comparative review. Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology, 100(1), 4-22.

Stahl, S. M. (2021). Stahl's essential psychopharmacology: Neuroscientific basis and practical applications (5th ed.). Cambridge University Press.

Williams, R. S., Cheng, L., Mudge, A. W., & Harwood, A. J. (2002). A common mechanism of action for three mood-stabilizing drugs. Nature, 417(6886), 292-295.

Zhou, S. F. (2009). Polymorphism of human cytochrome P450 2D6 and its clinical significance: Part I. Clinical Pharmacokinetics, 48(11), 689-723.